馬拉色菌屬

{{Taxobox
| color = lightblue
| name = 馬拉色菌
| image = Malassezia_furfur_in_skin_scale_from_a_patient_with_tinea_versicolor_PHIL_3938_lores.jpg
| image_width = 320px
| image_caption = 放大花斑癬病患皮屑所看到的[[秕糠馬拉癬菌]]
| regnum = [[真菌界]] Fungi
| subregnum = [[雙核亞界]] Dikarya
| phylum = [[擔(dān)子菌門]] Basidiomycota
| subphylum = [[黑粉菌亞門]] Ustilaginomycotina
| classis = [[外擔(dān)子菌綱]] Exobasidiomycetes
| ordo = [[馬拉色菌目]] Malasseziales
| familia = [[馬拉色菌科]] Malasseziaceae
| genus = '''馬拉色菌屬 ''Malassezia'''''
| subdivision_ranks = [[種]]
| subdivision =
參見文中內(nèi)容
}}

'''馬拉色菌屬'''（以前被稱為'''糠秕孢[[子菌]]'''）是一種[[真菌界]]的屬，被認(rèn)為是[[酵母]]類[[真菌]]，本屬的[[物種]]自然存在于人和動(dòng)物的[[皮膚]]上。如果它導(dǎo)致[[伺機(jī)性感染]]，則可以在胸背等部位引起色素淡化（hypopigmentation）。

==命名==

該屬的命名和分類存在著令人困惑的情形，因?yàn)闅v史上曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)一系列的命名變化。在這種酵母上的研究工作一直很困難，因?yàn)樵趯?shí)驗(yàn)室條件下極難繁殖。

馬拉色菌屬最初是由法國科學(xué)家路易斯-查理·馬色拉在19世紀(jì)的時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)的。雷蒙·薩博勞在1904年發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種導(dǎo)致[[頭皮屑]]的[[微生物]]，并且命名為秕糠馬拉癬菌（''Pityrosporum malassez''），以紀(jì)念馬色拉本人。但這個(gè)命名在當(dāng)時(shí)指的是這一個(gè)物種，而不是一個(gè)屬。當(dāng)后來發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩次發(fā)現(xiàn)的物種是同一種微生物之后，“馬拉色”這個(gè)名字就根據(jù)命名優(yōu)先原則被保留下來。<ref name="pmid17642908">{{cite journal |author=Inamadar AC, Palit A |title=The genus Malassezia and human disease |journal=Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=265–70 |year=2003 |pmid=17642908 |doi= |url=http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2003;volume=69;issue=4;spage=265;epage=270;aulast=Inamadar}}</ref>

而到了20世紀(jì)中期，它又被重新分成兩個(gè)獨(dú)立屬：
* 秕糠（馬色拉）橢球菌（''Pityrosporum (Malassezia) ovale''）。該屬的真菌需要油脂才能存活，并且僅僅在人身上發(fā)現(xiàn)。秕糠橢球菌屬后來又被細(xì)分為兩種屬，秕糠球橢菌屬和秕糠球菌屬（''P. orbiculare'')。不過目前的資料認(rèn)為這兩種說法實(shí)際上都是指的同一個(gè)真菌屬，人們更愿意稱之為秕糠色馬拉癬菌屬（''M. furfur''）。<ref name="isbn0-07-138067-1">{{cite book |author=Freedberg, Irwin M.; Fitzpatrick, Thomas B. |title=Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division |location=New York |year=2003 |pages=1187 |isbn=0-07-138067-1 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* 厚皮馬拉色菌屬（''Pityrosporum (Malassezia) pachydermatis''）。該屬的真菌是嗜油脂的，但并非依賴于油脂才能存活。該屬的真菌被發(fā)現(xiàn)廣泛存活于各種動(dòng)物身上。

在21世紀(jì)90年代中期，法國巴黎[[巴斯德]]研究所的科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了更多的種。<ref name="pmid8836432">{{cite journal |author=Guého E, Midgley G, Guillot J |title=The genus Malassezia with description of four new species |journal=Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=337–55 |year=1996 |month=May |pmid=8836432 |doi= 10.1007/BF00399623|url=}}</ref>

目前，人類共發(fā)現(xiàn)了10個(gè)種：
* [[秕糠馬拉癬菌]] ''M. furfur''
* [[厚皮馬拉色菌]] ''M. pachydermatis''<ref name="pmid17655416">{{cite journal |author=Coutinho SD, Paula CR |title=Biotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis strains using the killer system |journal=Rev Iberoam Micol |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=85–7 |year=1998 |month=June |pmid=17655416 |doi= |url=http://www.reviberoammicol.com/pubmed_linkout.php?15p85}}</ref>
* [[球型馬拉色菌]] ''M. globosa''<ref name="pmid17460728">{{cite journal |author=DeAngelis YM, Saunders CW, Johnstone KR, ''et al.'' |title=Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase gene, LIP1 |journal=J. Invest. Dermatol. |volume=127 |issue=9 |pages=2138–46 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17460728 |doi=10.1038/sj.jid.5700844}}</ref>
* [[限制性馬色拉菌]] ''M. restricta''<ref name="pmid15502408">{{cite journal |author=Sugita T, Tajima M, Amaya M, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A |title=Genotype analysis of Malassezia restricta as the major cutaneous flora in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects |journal=Microbiol. Immunol. |volume=48 |issue=10 |pages=755–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15502408 |doi= |url=http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/mandi/48.755?from=PubMed |format={{dead link|date=May 2009}} – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AGenotype+analysis+of+Malassezia+restricta+as+the+major+cutaneous+flora+in+patients+with+atopic+dermatitis+and+healthy+subjects&as_publication=Microbiol.+Immunol.&as_ylo=2004&as_yhi=2004&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref>
* [[斯洛菲馬拉色菌]] ''M. slooffiae''<ref name="pmid17845623">{{cite journal |author=Uzal FA, Paulson D, Eigenheer AL, Walker RL |title=Malassezia slooffiae-associated dermatitis in a goat |journal=Vet. Dermatol. |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=348–52 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17845623 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00606.x |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0959-4493&date=2007&volume=18&issue=5&spage=348}}</ref>
* [[合軸馬拉色菌]] ''M. sympodialis''<ref name="pmid9722730">{{cite journal |author=Niamba P, Weill FX, Sarlangue J, Labrèze C, Couprie B, Ta?eh A |title=Is common neonatal cephalic pustulosis (neonatal acne) triggered by Malassezia sympodialis? |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=134 |issue=8 |pages=995–8 |year=1998 |month=August |pmid=9722730 |doi= 10.1001/archderm.134.8.995|url=http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9722730}}</ref>
* [[納納馬拉色菌]] ''M. nana''<ref name="pmid15023986">{{cite journal |author=Hirai A, Kano R, Makimura K, ''et al.'' |title=Malassezia nana sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species isolated from animals |journal=Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. |volume=54 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=623–7 |year=2004 |month=March |pmid=15023986 |doi= 10.1099/ijs.0.02776-0|url=http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15023986}}</ref>
* ''M. yamatoensis''<ref name="pmid15322337">{{cite journal |author=Sugita T, Tajima M, Takashima M, ''et al.'' |title=A new yeast, Malassezia yamatoensis, isolated from a patient with seborrheic dermatitis, and its distribution in patients and healthy subjects |journal=Microbiol. Immunol. |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=579–83 |year=2004 |pmid=15322337 |doi= |url=http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/mandi/48.579?from=PubMed |format={{dead link|date=May 2009}} – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AA+new+yeast%2C+Malassezia+yamatoensis%2C+isolated+from+a+patient+with+seborrheic+dermatitis%2C+and+its+distribution+in+patients+and+healthy+subjects&as_publication=Microbiol.+Immunol.&as_ylo=2004&as_yhi=2004&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref>
* ''M. dermatis''<ref name="pmid11923357">{{cite journal |author=Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T, ''et al.'' |title=New yeast species, Malassezia dermatis, isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=1363–7 |year=2002 |month=April |pmid=11923357 |pmc=140359 |doi= 10.1128/JCM.40.4.1363-1367.2002|url=http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11923357}}</ref>
* ''M. obtusa''

==在人類疾病中扮演的角色==

近年來鑒別皮膚上馬色拉菌的手段與[[法醫(yī)]]用來鑒別嫌疑犯的[[分子]]學(xué)或者[[基因]]相關(guān)的技術(shù)手段很類似，這些研究表明這種菌屬能引起絕大多數(shù)的[[皮膚病]]，比如大部分情況下的頭皮屑和[[脂溢性皮炎]]是球形馬拉色菌屬引起的（雖然通常也和限制性馬色拉菌屬有關(guān)）<ref name="pmid17460728"/>。[[花斑癬]]通常也和這種真菌的[[感染]]有關(guān)。

由于這種真菌需要油脂來生長，因此它通常會(huì)感染[脂腺]發(fā)達(dá)區(qū)域，例如：[[頭皮]]<ref name="urlBBC NEWS | Health | Genetic code of dandruff cracked">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7080434.stm |title=BBC NEWS &#124; Health &#124; Genetic code of dandruff cracked |format= |work= |accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref>、臉部以及上半身。當(dāng)這些真菌繁殖速度過快時(shí)，[[細(xì)胞]]的自然更新過程就會(huì)受到干擾，[[瘙癢]]及[[皮屑]]就會(huì)出現(xiàn)（和其它真菌或者[[細(xì)菌感染]]的情況類似）。球形馬色拉菌在人的[[頭部]]皮膚上的數(shù)量可以超過一千萬個(gè)。

2007年啟動(dòng)的一個(gè)球形馬色拉菌屬基因測序計(jì)劃，發(fā)現(xiàn)該菌屬有4,285個(gè)基因<ref name="pmid18000048">{{cite journal |author=Xu J, Saunders CW, Hu P, ''et al.'' |title=Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=104 |issue=47 |pages=18730–5 |year=2007 |month=November |pmid=18000048 |pmc=2141845 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0706756104 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18000048}}</ref>，大約是人類基因大小的三百分之一。該菌使用8種不同的油脂分解酶以及3種[[磷脂]]分解酶來分解頭皮上的油脂。另一個(gè)令人驚奇的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，球形馬色拉菌屬可能有[[有性繁殖]]的能力<ref name="pmid18000048"/><ref name="pmid18693563">{{cite journal |author=Guillot J, Hadina S, Guého E |title=The genus Malassezia: old facts and new concepts |journal=Parassitologia |volume=50 |issue=1-2 |pages=77–9 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18693563 |doi= |url=}}</ref>，不過并沒有在實(shí)驗(yàn)室或者其它任何條件下觀測到這一現(xiàn)象。

==頭部感染治療==

[[頭皮感染]]的癥狀通常使用含有[[硫化硒]]或者[[酮康唑]]的洗發(fā)水來治療。其它治療的方式包括使用含有[[環(huán)吡酮胺]]、[[煤焦油]]、[[鋅羥基吡啶硫酮]]（ZPT）、[[咪康唑]]或者[[千層樹]]油的洗發(fā)水。（參見：脂溢性皮炎。）

==引用==

{{reflist|2}}

==外部連接==
* [http://www.sums.ac.ir/~ijms/29_1/08-Shams.pdf IJMS Vol 29 No. 4 March 2004]
* [http://www.aafp.org/afp/980700ap/noble.html aafp Diagnosis and Management of Common Tinea Infections July 1998]

[[Category:傘菌亞門]] [[Category:寄生真菌]] [[Category:酵母]]
==參考來源==
*[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E8%89%B2%E8%8F%8C%E5%B1%9E 維基百科-馬拉色菌屬]